Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability
The Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability (JESHS) is a peer-reviewed, international, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality, interdisciplinary research at the intersection of environmental science, public health, and sustainable development. JESHS provides a platform for integrating scientific research, practical applications, and policy insights, with a focus on innovation that promotes environmental protection and human well-being. The journal’s core focus areas include but are not limited to (see about page for further details): Environmental Monitoring, Pollution Control, and Toxicity Studies Sustainable Agriculture, Food Safety, and Land Management Climate Change, Ecosystem Health, and One Health Resilience Geospatial Technologies for Environmental and Health Sustainability Environmental Policy, Education, Public Health, and Economics ISSN (online): 3067-946X | Publisher: Enviro Mind Solutions
Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the journal and its publisher (Enviro Mind Solutions) a non-exclusive license to publish and distribute the work freely.
Morphometric characterization of the Rani-khola watershed, Sikkim, India, using remote sensing and GIS techniques
Morphometric analysis is a quantitative method that involves comparison and statistical determination of the physical and hydrological characteristics of a watershed. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) have been adopted because they provide detailed spatial data used in watershed characterization. Several morphometric parameters have been determined using a remotely sensed digital elevation model (DEM). The study area, the Rani-khola watershed in Sikkim, India, has a regional elevation ranging from 300 to 4,100 m and is bounded by high mountains of the Himalayas and low valleys. Rani-khola stream is a 4th order stream which is also a tributary of river Teesta having a total length of 153.88 km. The mean bifurcation ratio was 1.7, which implies that the basin can be categorized as normal, i.e., containing an elongated and dendritic type drainage pattern. The drainage density and stream frequency of the stream were 0.60 km/km2 and 0.57 streams/km2, respectively, which indicates that the basin exhibits highly permeable subsoil and dense vegetation conditions. The drainage texture of the watershed was calculated as 1.82 km-1, which indicates a very coarse drainage texture. Further studies integrating ground control points would be necessary to develop an appropriate natural resource management plan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Deepan Rizal, Ghanashyam T. Patle, Parimita Saikia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Relevance of PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) contamination to the environment and sustainable development
Following the objective of the Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability to provide a dedicated platform to report important environmental problems, this editorial aims to motivate the readers to stay aware of the dramatic situation represented by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and how they are related to sustainable development. PFAS are a large and complex class of synthetic chemicals that have been extensively used in consumer products globally since the 1950s. These molecules have a chain of linked carbon and fluorine atoms, and, due to the high strength of the C-F bonds, they do not degrade and are environmentally persistent. For these reasons, humans and animals are exposed to these compounds, causing multiple health effects, and these “forever chemicals” have been declared priority pollutants. PFAS interfere with Sustainable Development Goals because they undermine goals related to clean water, good health, and sustainable ecosystems. They contaminate water and soil, harming wildlife and human health by potentially causing reproductive and developmental issues, increased cancer risk, and immune system suppression. Addressing this requires phasing out non-essential uses and developing solutions for decontamination and sustainable water management. In this sense, several technologies have been attempted to degrade these persistent and toxic pollutants from water, achieving different efficiencies. The PFAS chemical structure, applications, effects on human health, and some remediation solutions are mentioned in this editorial with the objective of relating these aspects to sustainable development.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), Forever chemicals, Eternal pollutants, Health effects of PFAS, PFAS removal
Copyright (c) 2025 Marta I. Litter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Dedication to Hugo B. Nicolli (†2020): Pioneer in recognizing the presence and toxicological impact of groundwater arsenic in Latin America
The Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability (Vol. 1 & No. 3) is dedicated to the life and legacy of Dr. Hugo B. Nicolli. Dr. Hugo B. Nicolli is remembered for his academic contributions, commitment to the well-being of humankind, and his love for science; he was a pillar in the fields of environmental geochemistry, water chemistry, and arsenic in the environment. Dr Nicolli obtained his B.S. degree in geology from the National University of Cordoba (UNC) and a PhD in Chemical Sciences from the University of Salamanca, Spain (USAL). He was a principal researcher of the Argentine National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and collaborated with the Arsenic Group of the Food Security Network of CONICET. He had multiple collaborations with international groups, especially in Latin America.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Teresa Alarcón-Herrera, Maria Aurora Armienta, Prosun Bhattacharya, Virginia S.T. Ciminelli, Mélida Gutiérrez, Marta I. Litter, Dina L. Lopez, Nelly Mañay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Acute toxicity test of monosodium glutamate in Channa punctatus and its ecotoxicological implications
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), the umami substance commonly used in the food industry, is known for its ability to enhance savory flavors. Although it is generally recognized as safe by Food Safety Regulatory Agencies, several studies have questioned its long-term safety. Despite its widespread use, the potential toxicity of MSG therefore remains under-researched. This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of MSG in terms of its median lethal concentrations (LC50) as well as the potential to induce morphological and behavioral changes in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus upon short-term exposure. Static bioassay tests were conducted by exposing the fish to different concentrations of MSG and the mortality of the fish was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of exposure. The physicochemical parameters of the aquarium water, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, and total alkalinity, were maintained within their optimal ranges. The LC50 value was determined using probit analysis following standard guidelines to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. The results indicate that MSG exhibited acute toxicity to C. punctatus within the tested range of concentrations. Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in mortality as well as marked behavioral and morphological changes were observed. The severity of symptoms increases at higher MSG concentrations, indicating induction of physiological stress in exposed fish. This is the first study to assess the acute toxicity of MSG on the fish C. punctatus. These findings provide baseline information that will aid further toxicological research and monitoring of the long-term effects of MSG on aquatic organisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farha Ashique, Pankaj Kumar, Kainat Masih, Amod Kumar, Parimal Kumar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Medical student attitudes toward healthcare sustainability education at a multi-site private United States medical school
Climate change and healthcare’s environmental impact pose urgent global health challenges, yet little is known about how United States (U.S.) medical students view their role in advancing sustainable healthcare. This study surveyed students at a private, tri-site U.S. medical school to assess their perspectives on sustainability in medicine, its place in medical education, and its relevance to future careers. Two anonymous online surveys were distributed in January and July 2024 to all enrolled students at Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, USA. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses assessed attitudes toward curricular needs, stakeholder responsibility, and future involvement in sustainability efforts. Students identified government regulators and healthcare administrators as holding the greatest responsibility for improving healthcare sustainability, while still attributing meaningful responsibility to physicians. Across both surveys, 88% of respondents agreed that healthcare sustainability should be taught in medical training (p < 0.001), and 62% reported insufficient education in their current curriculum (p < 0.001). Students preferred sustainability content integrated throughout the curriculum rather than delivered as isolated sessions and identified the preclinical years and residency as the most appropriate stages for this instruction. Interest in future sustainability involvement was high at 65% (p < 0.001), with students expressing interest in clinical practice, policy, advocacy, and medical education. These findings highlight strong student motivation to participate in sustainability initiatives and underscore the need for standardized, longitudinal sustainability education across medical training.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elisa Bass, Rachel Fisher, Suraj Puvvadi, Nisha Reddy, Ewoma Ogbaudu, Chikodi Ohaya, Dr. Neera Agrwal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Groundwater salinization in inland basins of arid and semiarid climates: An overview
Salinization of aquifers is a growing global challenge in the aquifers ability to supply drinking and irrigation water, especially in regions with arid or semiarid climates. An analysis of key recent studies was conducted to identify the factors that lead to the severity of the salinity problem in vulnerable areas. The highest salinity values (averaging 2,000 mg/L to 12,000 mg/L) are reported for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), resulting from the dissolution of carbonates, gypsum and halite. Intensive agriculture artificially raises the water table, favoring evaporation, which together with the infiltration of irrigation returns, significantly increases salinity. Latin American regions report unsustainable groundwater withdrawals and poor management as their main challenge. Overall, groundwater salinity evolves from Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 types to Na-Cl type. Strategies aimed at reducing salinization consistently emphasize increased monitoring and effective water management practices, which vary according to each region. Two regions, northern Mexico and the food basket of Ghana, illustrate the differences and similarities of groundwater salinization in irrigated semiarid areas.
aquifer salinization, groundwater quality, semiarid, irrigation
Copyright (c) 2025 Melida Gutierrez, Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari, Kevin Mickus, Moses B. Okyere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating flood, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems for dragon fruit production in Bangladesh
Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation practices are major challenges to sustainable fruit production in Bangladesh. Although dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is relatively drought-tolerant, supplemental irrigation is crucial during flowering and fruiting to achieve high yield and fruit quality. In the Madhupur Tract, declining groundwater levels necessitate evaluating modern irrigation systems to promote efficient water use and ensure profitability. This study compared the performance of traditional flood, sprinkler, and drip irrigation systems for sustainable dragon fruit production. The focus was on water and energy use efficiency, productivity, farmer satisfaction, and economic viability (benefit–cost ratio, net present value, and payback period). Twelve dragon fruit farms were selected across the Madhupur Tract, representing each irrigation type. Data were collected on irrigated area, irrigation source, soil type, irrigation depth and interval, energy use, fruit yield and quality, user satisfaction (water distribution uniformity, runoff loss, waterlogging, soil erosion, water saving, and water quality), and installation and operation costs. Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems outperformed the traditional flood irrigation system in nearly all parameters. Drip irrigation delivered the highest irrigation water productivity (6.12 kg/m³) and the top benefit–cost ratio (2.08). It also provided water effectively (0.45 cm/event). Sprinkler systems achieved the highest land coverage (1.04 ha) and the best user satisfaction with the lowest energy demand (920 kWh/ha/year). Flood irrigation consumed the most water (2.1 cm/event), required the highest energy (2364 kWh/ha/year), and received the lowest satisfaction ratings. Sprinkler and drip systems delivered superior yields and fruit quality. Although their initial setup costs were higher, all systems achieved payback within a year, with drip and flood systems recovering costs the fastest (0.10 years). Overall, drip and sprinkler systems proved more efficient, profitable, and environmentally sustainable than conventional flood irrigation. The study recommends promoting precision irrigation technologies and providing targeted financial support for sustainable crop production in water-stressed regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. G. Mostofa Amin, Ummoy Sumaia Shammy, Md. Abdur Rouf, SSRM Mahe Alam Sorwar, Md. Rafizul Islam Mondal, Prodeep Kumar Sarker, Md. Habibur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analyzing the Effects of Data Variability and Quantity on Predicting Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations: Insights from a Machine Learning Approach
Accurately predicting particulate matter, 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5), concentrations is imperative to the future of public health and environmental policies. Machine learning models incorporating spatial and temporal datasets to predict PM2.5 concentrations are often limited by data availability and poor-resolution satellite imagery. In this study, we present multiple predictive models designed for generalized PM2.5 predictions, the output of which has been utilized for different spatial locations. Using Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boost (XGB) algorithms, these predictive models follow a multidisciplinary approach using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aerosol optical depth (MODIS AOD) and surface datasets (relative humidity, barometric pressure, outdoor temperature, wind speed and wind direction). Models are trained and validated based on historical data to evaluate the impact of training data variability and quantity on the predictive performance of RF and XGB models for PM2.5 concentrations. Using MODIS AOD alone yielded weak predictive performance, with average R2 values ranging from -0.06 to 0.07 across the three urban areas (Washington, D.C., Boston, and New York City), highlighting its limited capability. The integration of meteorological data (temperature, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and barometric pressure) along with MODIS AOD significantly improved the model performance. RF models achieved R² values of 0.30–0.62, while XGB models had R² values of 0.25–0.63, with corresponding RMSE values reduced by 20–30% relative to AOD-only models. Feature importance analysis revealed that PM2.5 predictions were most strongly influenced by temperature (average importance of 0.21), wind speed (0.20), and wind direction (0.15). MODIS AOD exhibited moderate importance (≈0.12), indicating that although satellite-based aerosol observations contributed to the predictions, ground-based meteorological variables remained the primary drivers. These quantitative results highlighted that combining satellite observations with meteorological measurements substantially enhanced PM2.5 predictive accuracy, informing urban planning, environmental policy, and public health interventions to better protect vulnerable populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jada Macharie, Wenge Ni-Meister, Maddalena Romano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing Climate: Unlocking Climate-Smart Agriculture for Securing Global Food Systems
Agriculture is the foundation of human civilization and the main source of livelihoods for millions. However, as global food demand rises to sustain the growing population, agricultural land is shrinking due to degradation and contamination. Additionally, farming practices are increasingly affected by natural and human-made factors, with climate change becoming a major threat to agricultural sustainability. To meet the food needs of a growing population and adapt to climate change, adopting climate-smart farming systems and empowering farmers to manage resources more effectively is crucial. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) offers a promising way to tackle the urgent challenges of sustainable farming by improving resilience, lowering emissions, and boosting productivity. Although many farming communities have started adopting CSA innovations at the farm level, they still face various challenges, such as limited training resources, inadequate information, and poor extension services. To promote wider adoption and successful implementation of these practices, policymakers and relevant organizations must focus on enabling strategies like providing incentives for innovation, farmer training programs, and better access to agricultural services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Maruf Billah, Ravi Naidu, Brajesh K. Singh, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Elevated Groundwater Arsenic in Deeper Aquifers of the Brahmaputra Floodplains in Assam, India
The deeper aquifers are considered safe for human consumption in various parts of South Asian countries, including the Ganges floodplains of India and Bangladesh. The present study explored the distribution and controls of groundwater arsenic (As) in deeper aquifers (depth >80 m) as well as shallow aquifers (depth <30 m) that are considered a major source for drinking and irrigation purposes in Brahmaputra floodplains, India. We collected groundwater samples from the two most As-contaminated districts in Assam, India. About 87% of sampled wells in deeper aquifers had As concentration above the WHO permissible limit of 10 µg/l, with a mean concentration of 61 µg/l and 82 µg/l during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. In addition, about 55% of sampled wells in shallow aquifers had As concentration >10 µg/l, with a mean concentration of 47 µg/l and 56 µg/l during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Various physico-chemical parameters, viz; pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl–, HCO3–, NO3–, and SO42– were analyzed to elucidate the groundwater hydrochemistry of the region. The Piper plot indicated Ca-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 as the major water types in the study area in both deeper and shallow aquifers. The Gibbs plot depicted the rock-water interaction as a major source that governs the groundwater chemistry in the region. The regional scale study indicated that the vertical movement of elevated As from shallow aquifers to deeper depths, coupled with extensive irrigation pumping, could be a probable cause of As in the deeper aquifers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Smitakshi Medhi, Runti Choudhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rural Healthcare Spending at the Household Level: Evidence from India’s Major States
During the period of economic reforms, the Indian economy witnessed an enormous growth with a highly skewed distribution of consumer healthcare expenses. Reduction in public expenditure on the social sector during the period of economic reforms has also adversely affected the rural poor and vulnerable sections of society. This paper attempts to examine the pattern of rural healthcare expenses at the household level and to examine the extent of inequality that prevails in the distribution of healthcare spending across different groups of people in India. Hospitalization and out-patient expenditures are analyzed separately. Gini-coefficient and Palma ratio have been used to measure the degree of inequality. Factors determining the rural healthcare expenses have been identified and examined by using econometric techniques. Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) data for the 61st round (2004-05) and 68th round (2011-12) collected by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India have been used. Education, rural non-farm employment, female participation in the workforce and availability of health infrastructure appear highly significant in determining rural consumer healthcare spending in Indian states. The outcome of this study highlights the need for an increase in fiscal expenditure for the improvement of public sector healthcare facilities, including manpower so that poor people can attain quality healthcare without suffering any financial distress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jayanta Sen, Piya Ghosh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Tribute to Gunnar Jacks (1937–2019): A Talented Scientist and Pioneer in Groundwater and Geochemistry
This journal issue (vol. 1 & no. 2) is solely dedicated to the pioneering research work, culture, life and legacy of Professor Gunnar Jacks, a distinguished scientist in groundwater, geochemistry, earth sciences and environmental geology. This dedication highlights his groundbreaking academic achievements, perseverance, and humanitarian approach to contributions on global water supply challenges and sustainable development, notably in developing countries. He is a Margdarshak (touch-bearer) for the Global Arsenic Research Community to mitigate the worldwide spread of groundwater arsenic menace. Professor Gunnar Jacks is remembered for his scholarly research contributions, leadership authority in international organizations, and the respect he earned within the groundwater and environmental hydrogeology field.
Copyright (c) 2025 Prosun Bhattacharya, Jon Petter Gustafsson, Kazi Matin Uddin Ahmed, Debashis Chatterjee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Characterization and Ecological Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Sediments of a Tropical West African Lagoon Ecosystem
The accumulation of mismanaged plastics has continued as a significant threat to the health and ecological functions of coastal ecosystems globally. This study examined microplastic (MP) contamination and ecological risks of twenty-four sediment samples from four locations characterized by significant anthropogenic activities along the Lagos Lagoon. Physicochemical properties of sediment were analyzed using standard methods, while morphological classification of microplastics and polymer identification was carried out using a stereomicroscope and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) following pretreatment with 30% H₂O₂ and density flotation with ZnCl2. Microplastic abundance ranged from 9.17 ± 6.05 to 12.17 ± 7.55 microplastics/kilogram (MPs/kg), while morphological analysis revealed predominance of fibers (41.4%) and black microplastics (49%). Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was the most abundant polymer in sediments, suggesting indiscriminate disposal of single-use plastic bottles. One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences among sampling locations for pH (F3, 16 = 1.29, p = 0.31), electrical conductivity (F3, 16 = 1.10, p = 0.37), total organic carbon (F3, 16 = 1.10, p = 0.37), or microplastic abundance (F3, 16 = 0.31, p = 0.82), suggesting relatively uniform sediment conditions. The detection of potentially toxic polymers raises concern over long-term ecological risks. The Polymer Risk Index (PRI) indicates varying ecological risk, with level IV (high) and V (very high) as the predominant categories. This suggests the potential for significant adverse effects to aquatic organisms and ecosystem health. The result emphasizes the urgent need for improved waste management practices, stricter regulation of single-use plastics, sustained monitoring and effective mitigation strategies around the Lagoon’s catchments.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Copyright (c) 2025 Amii Isaac Obiakara-Amaechi, A.A. Abayomi, T.A. Olorunfemi, L.O. Chukwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Use and Land Cover Changes and Their Effect on Forest Cover Dynamics: A CA–ANN Model in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India
Land use and land cover (LULC) changes, driven by urbanization and human activities, play an important role in forest cover dynamics. Understanding the interactions of these factors is essential for addressing environmental impacts and formulating sustainable policies for forest management. This study investigated the effects of urbanization on LULC changes from 2002 to 2022 using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India. Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery from 2002 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery from 2013 and 2022 were used in this study. Seven land use classes, dense forest, moderate forest, sand bar, fallow land, settlement, water body, and agriculture were categorized. Dense forest has declined by 33 km2 from 2002 to 2022, indicating persistent deforestation. Moderate forest expanded until 2013 but declined later in 2022, suggesting degradation. Agricultural land increased gradually by 157 km2 from 2002 to 2022, likely due to shifting cultivation and land reclamation. Water bodies exhibited a minor fluctuation, while fallow land declined by 85 km2. Sand bars remained stable, showing only a minor change, suggesting minimal sedimentation effects. The results suggest the gradual expansion of built-up areas by 30 km2, along with the increase in agricultural lands. The predicted LULC changes for 2030 and 2040 indicate ongoing deforestation and rapid expansion of settlements. A comprehensive study with additional data is needed to help policymakers, particularly those responsible for forest management in the East Khasi Hills, to better understand LULC changes and their impact on forest cover dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parimita Saikia, Dariki S. Langshiang, Lovely Raliang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urban Agriculture for Environmental Sustainability: Perception of City Dwellers
Urban agriculture (UA) is the part and parcel of modern farming system which plays a pivotal role in underpinning food security for the global population. This study investigated the perception of city dwellers on the role of urban agricultural system for environmental sustainability. Data were collected from 200 randomly selected respondents from Bangladesh by face-to-face interview method utilizing structured questionnaire in 2024. Statistical analysis was performed employing statistical package for social science (SPSS), version 29. Findings reveal that the majority (34.5%) of respondents belonged to early adopter categories in adopting urban agricultural practices. It was also found that the most adopted urban farming practice is rooftop gardening (93.5%) followed by homestead gardens (80%), container gardens (66.5%) and so forth. Results explored that most (94.5%) of city dwellers perceived a medium to high role of UA on environmental sustainability. Conversely, reducing the cost of living (92.5%) was perceived as the most potential role of these interventions. However, innovativeness, training exposure, access to extension services, media contact, education, group membership, and access to market were identified as the potential factors in adoption of UA. Surprisingly, a significant portion (89%) of respondents confronted medium to high constraints in adopting this innovation. The outcomes explore the present scenario of urban agriculture to the concerned authorities, policymakers, researchers and city dwellers. Therefore, well-planned, and appropriate strategies such as awareness and motivational programs, capacity building initiatives, subsidies for innovations and integration of UA in city master plan can strengthen adoption of urban agricultural interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Maruf Billah, Al Muzahid, Md Nasrul Millat, Mohammad Mahmud Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sustainable Solutions to Environmental Challenges Through Enhanced Public Awareness
We are excited to announce the launch of the inaugural issue of the Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability, the flagship publication of Enviro Mind Solutions (EnMS). This launch marks the beginning of our commitment toward advancing high-quality interdisciplinary research at the intersection of environmental science, sustainability, and One Health. The journal aims to serve as a platform for innovative studies that tackle emerging global environmental challenges, leveraging state-of-the-art techniques such as remote sensing for data collection, geospatial artificial intelligence and hydrogeological modeling for data analytics and decision-making. We aim to catalyze impactful research that informs policy, guides sustainable practices, and fosters a global research community committed to transformative environmental solutions. Our first issue features insightful research that reflects the journal’s mission and sets the foundation for future contributions. Through the dissemination of impactful studies that inform policy and practice, we aim to foster a strong, collaborative research community and drive meaningful solutions for a sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bibhash Nath, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Priyanka Mondal, Sharon Kahara, Prosun Bhattacharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Trace Elements in Soils, Their Uptake by Crops and Potential Health Risks: Insights From a Legacy Mining Area in Oruro, Bolivian Altiplano
A geochemical study was conducted in the legacy mining area in Oruro, the Bolivian Altiplano to examine the distribution of trace elements (TEs) in agricultural soils and their uptake by crops. The pseudo-total, bioavailable fractions of TE and sequential extraction fraction of As contents were determined in soils. The pseudo-total concentration of TEs in soils suggests naturally elevated background levels. The strong correlation (p < 0.01) between Feregia/Mnregia-Asregia, Curegia, and Znregia suggests that secondary iron oxides play a key role in adsorbing these TEs. Species linked to carbonates are also present, but negative (r = -0.51; p < 0.01) correlation between soil pH and AsDTPA suggests that the retention of TEs in carbonate is not dominant. The chelate diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) method extracted less than 2% of total As, whereas sequential fractionation reported up to 12% as potentially mobilized (F1–non-specifically-bound + F2–specifically-bound), posing a risk of transfer to crops or groundwater. As, Cd and Pb tend to accumulate in soils by binding to amorphous and crystalline Fe oxide surfaces. Arsenic levels in beans and alfalfa (0.19 mg/kg), barley (0.17 mg/kg), and peeled potatoes (0.11 mg/kg), Cd levels in beans (0.03 mg/kg), alfalfa (0.017 mg/kg), barley (0.012 mg/kg), and peeled potatoes (0.023 mg/kg), remained within Chilean, FAO, WHO, and European regulatory limits. However, Pb concentrations exceeded permissible limits in beans (0.32 mg/kg), and alfalfa (0.22 mg/kg); however peeled potatoes (0.16 mg/kg) and barley (0.16 mg/kg) remained below the threshold of European guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oswaldo Eduardo Ramos Ramos, Maria Isabel Chambi Tapia, Israel Quino Lima, Tobias S. Rötting, Vladimir Orsag, Lourdes Chambi, Ondra Sracek, Jorge Quintanilla Aguirre, Jyoti Prakash Maity, Arslan Ahmad, Jochen Bundschuh, Prosun Bhattacharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
A Dedication to Dr. Dipankar Chakraborti: In Honor of a Visionary Mind
The inaugural issue of the Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability is dedicated to Dr. Dipankar Chakraborti (popularly known as Dip) in honor of his unwavering commitment to addressing the arsenic (As) crisis in the Bengal delta. As a visionary scientist, he played a crucial role in bringing global attention to the widespread As contamination affecting Bangladesh, West Bengal, India and other Indian states.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Tarit Roychowdhury, Ratan K. Dhar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Zinc–Cadmium Interaction Affects Growth, Metal Accumulation, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Activity in Two Mung Bean Varieties
Zinc (Zn) is an essential element, and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) has been extensively applied to crops to combat its deficiency. Moreover, adding Zn brings benefits by reducing cadmium (Cd) accumulation by crops, although its impact on Cd uptake is inconsistent in the literature. Two promising mung bean (Vigna radiata) varieties, released as Jade-AU and Celera II-AU by the Australian Mung Bean Association, were grown hydroponically to examine the effects of ZnSO4 application on Cd accumulation in tissues. This was done by measuring photosynthetic pigments, plant biomass production, Zn and Cd accumulation, and antioxidative enzyme systems. Seven-day-old seedlings were exposed to different levels of Zn (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 µM) and Cd (0, 0.5, and 1 µM) for 14 days. While the addition of Zn significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced photosynthetic pigments, plant biomass, and Zn and Cd concentrations in tissues, the prevalence of Cd revealed damaging outcomes. Zn accumulation in shoots increased as much as 6-fold (95 mg kg⁻¹ in Jade-AU) with the application of Zn alone, while adding Cd restricted the trend. In contrast, Zn accumulation in roots rose 28-fold (146 mg kg⁻¹ in Celera II-AU) when both Zn and Cd were present. Cd concentration in the shoot rose by as much as 22-fold (1.8 mg kg⁻¹ in Celera II-AU) with the application of Cd alone and virtually tripled (5.42 mg kg⁻¹ and 6.99 mg kg⁻¹, in Jade-AU and Celera II-AU, respectively), when Zn and Cd interacted synergistically. Zn addition restricted Cd accumulation in roots under low-Cd level (0.5 mM), while it was unable to limit the translocation of Cd to shoots. Zn application significantly improved antioxidant enzyme activities, with increases observed up to 13% for APX, 41% for CAT, 40% for POD, and 35% for SOD relative to the control. This refers to both varieties of mung beans, indicating the benefit of Zn application in nullifying oxidative stress and maintaining plant growth. Of the two varieties, Jade-AU displayed less Cd translocation from the roots to shoots and produced higher biomass, demonstrating its Cd-tolerant advantages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Harunur Rashid, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Md Imran Ullah Sarkar, Ravi Naidu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Heavy Metals in Estuarine Finfish and Crustaceans and Their Associated Health Risks in the Western Hooghly Estuary, Indian Sundarbans
Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that provide important social, economic, and environmental benefits. However, they are increasingly exposed to various contaminants, including heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals in such ecosystems can pose a serious threat to marine and aquatic life, including fish and crustaceans. Fish (Lates calcarifer, Liza parsia and Mystus gulio) and crustaceans (Penaeus monodon and Scylla serrata) were collected from local fishermen in Nayachar, West Bengal, in the Indian Sundarbans. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd and As, concentrations were measured in the edible muscle tissues of these species using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The concentration of heavy metals in the edible muscle tissues were observed in the following descending order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd > As. Results show a potential health risk from Pb both in terms of target hazard quotient (THQ) and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Lates calcarifer, Liza parsia and Mystus gulio. However, the consumption of these species didn’t pose a serious health risk with respect to other measured heavy metals as both THQ and PTWI were within the established and/or recommended limits. Long-term exposure to these fish species could pose a significant toxicity risk to individuals who consume them regularly. Regular monitoring, identification of contamination sources and treatment are crucial to reduce any potential health risks to the local population and other consumers, as the Sundarbans is a major fish producing area in the state of West Bengal, India.
Copyright (c) 2025 Debargha Chakraborty, Dipanwita Das, Alok Chandra Samal, S.C. Santra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Arsenic and Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water Wells: A Field Study in West Bengal, India
The co-occurrence of arsenic (As) and microbial pathogens in groundwater represents a serious threat to public health. The complex interactions between chemical and microbial parameters can increase mobility and bioavailability of As, exacerbating water quality challenges in affected regions. The present study deals with the screening of As and microbial contamination in drinking water wells in rural villages of West Bengal, India. The percentage of As contaminated tube wells (i.e., >10 mg/L) is highest in Dewli (81.66%), followed by Ghentugachi (72.37%), Dubra (60.37%) and Sorati (54.72%). The presence of microbial parameters (i.e., total and fecal coliform bacteria) is highest in Silinda-II (68.21%), whereas lowest percentage in Madanpur-I (7.94%). Additionally, the co-occurrence of As contamination and total and fecal coliform bacterial populations in tube wells is also determined. Silinda-II has the highest As and microbial presence in 34.65% of the tube wells, whereas, the lowest percentage was observed in Tatla-II, constituting 1.47% of the tube wells. The co-occurrence of As and microbial pathogens in tube wells varies geographically across several villages in the study area. Such observation is primarily linked to rural land use, tube well depths, and the location of tube wells close to the pit latrine, pond, and agricultural land. This study highlights the necessity for immediate intervention to improve water quality in rural villages, such as the improvement of sanitation infrastructure, and monitoring of tube wells to ensure safe drinking water supply.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anindita Mukhopadhyay, Pinaki Ghosh, Joydev Jana, Debashis Chatterjee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0