Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability
The Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability (JESHS) is a peer-reviewed, international, open-access journal dedicated to publishing high-quality, interdisciplinary research at the intersection of environmental science, public health, and sustainable development. JESHS provides a platform for integrating scientific research, practical applications, and policy insights, with a focus on innovation that promotes environmental protection and human well-being. The journal’s core focus areas include but are not limited to (see about page for further details): Environmental monitoring, pollution control, and toxicity studies Sustainable agriculture, food safety, and land management Climate change, ecosystem health, and One Health resilience Geospatial technologies for environmental and health sustainability Environmental policy, education, public health, and economics ISSN (online): 3067-946X | Publisher: Enviro Mind Solutions
Authors retain the copyright to their work and grant the journal and its publisher (Enviro Mind Solutions) a non-exclusive license to publish and distribute the work freely.
Impacts of irrigated agricultural land expansion on groundwater security in Mithapukur Upazila, Bangladesh
The rapid expansion of groundwater-based irrigation has transformed agricultural productivity in Bangladesh, yet it has also intensified pressure on subsurface water resources. This study examined the impacts of irrigated agrarian land expansion on groundwater security in Mithapukur Upazila, Rangpur District, Bangladesh, an agriculturally intensive region characterized by dry-season Boro rice cultivation and limited surface-water availability. High-resolution land use maps derived from Orthorectified and Sentinel-2 imagery of 2000, 2010, and 2023 were combined with long-term groundwater level data from the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) to analyze spatiotemporal irrigation patterns and aquifer responses. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) was used to examine the relationship between irrigated area and groundwater level, while Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) was used to evaluate model prediction accuracy. Results indicate that the irrigated area increased from 269.57 km2 in 2000 to 318.97 km2 in 2023, while groundwater levels declined from 4.25 m to 5.48 m below the surface. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (ρ = 0.879) between irrigation expansion and groundwater depletion, primarily driven by increased groundwater withdrawals, with limited surface water availability intensifying reliance on groundwater resources. These findings highlighted the urgent need for integrated water management strategies, including regulated pumping, adoption of water-efficient irrigation practices, and coordinated use of seasonal surface water for irrigation, combined with groundwater abstraction during dry periods, to safeguard both agricultural productivity and aquifer sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Moniruzzaman Monir, Shapla Akhter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Integrated geomicrobiological controls on arsenic and per- and polyfluoroalkyl in Gangetic aquifer: Legacy and emerging threats to drinking water
Groundwater contamination by arsenic (As) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) represents one of the most pressing environmental and public health challenges globally. While As contamination is predominantly geogenic and widespread in alluvial aquifers, PFAS contamination is largely anthropogenic, arising from industrial activities, landfill leachates, and aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF). Traditionally, scientific research has emphasized hydrogeological transport and contaminant chemistry; however, emerging evidence suggests that geomicrobiological processes play a critical role in regulating the mobility, transformation, and persistence of both contaminant classes. This emerging situation necessitates an integrated framework that explicitly links microbiology, geochemistry, and hydrology, particularly in vulnerable regions such as South Asia, including India and Bangladesh, where groundwater is the primary source of drinking water for millions of inhabitants.
Arsenic, PFAS contamination, Groundwater, Geomicrobiology
Copyright (c) 2026 Debashis Chatterjee, Jitendra Kewalramani, Jishnu Adhikari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessment of groundwater quality and trace elements toxicity in southern Brahmaputra floodplains: A health risk study
Groundwater, which is a freshwater reserve, is becoming a global concern due to its high extraction and contamination. This study investigated the contamination of heavy metals in groundwater, the potential health hazards it causes, and the essential role of monitoring and mitigating environmentally induced influences on water resources in southern Brahmaputra floodplains, India. The parameters: pH, TDS (total dissolved solids), EC (electrical conductivity), Hardness, HCO3–, SO42–, Na+, Ca2+, Cl–, Mg2+, F–, K+, NO3– including heavy metals such as As (arsenic), Cu (copper), Pb (lead), Mn (manganese), Fe (iron), Zn (zinc) and Cd (cadmium) were analyzed. In Sivasagar district, the groundwater and surface water are slightly alkaline, with hardness, EC and TDS all within permissible limits. Na⁺ followed by Ca²⁺ are the cations predominant in the region, with HCO3– being the dominant anion. A high level of NO3– in some samples indicates contamination from anthropogenic sources like agricultural runoff and domestic waste. Silicate weathering and rock-water interaction influence the groundwater quality. Groundwater composition changes through natural processes, as well as industrial and agricultural activities, are further highlighted by principal component analysis (PCA). Heavy metal analysis revealed that Fe (88%), Pb (92%), and As (14%) exceeded permissible limits, with notably high Fe and Pb concentrations due to both anthropogenic and natural processes. Concentrations of Mn (92%) and Cd (12%) were also found to exceed the permissible limits. Heavy metal contamination indices indicate a high level of pollution, particularly for Cd. Carcinogenic risk (CR) is shown for children, females, and males due to exposure to As, Cd, and Pb, despite the major ions being within the permissible limit.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lisha Borgohain, Runti Choudhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Linking economy, agro-food land use, and groundwater management to greenhouse gas emissions in Bangladesh
The agricultural sector in Bangladesh is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, driven by intensive crop production, irrigation-dependent groundwater extraction, and associated energy use. At the same time, high-input agriculture remains essential for food security and economic growth, creating a critical sustainability challenge. This study provides an integrated overview linking Bangladesh’s economic context, agri-food land use, and groundwater management to GHG emissions. Based on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, national statistics, and international datasets, the review examined how dry-season irrigation—largely dependent on diesel and electricity-powered groundwater pumping—drives energy demand and emissions. The analysis highlights the influence of climatic variability and geographic conditions on emission patterns, with methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) identified as the dominant gases from agricultural activities. The review further evaluates mitigation options, including alternate wetting and drying (AWD), surface water use, solar irrigation, prilled urea utilization (PU), urea deep placement (UDP), integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS), and anaerobic digestion. Existing policy frameworks and groundwater management practices are also assessed. The findings underscore the need to better integrate groundwater management with low-carbon agricultural practices to reduce emissions while sustaining productivity under climate change in Bangladesh.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md. Ahasan Habib, Prosun Bhattacharya, Md. Rashedul Haque, Tonmoy Kumer Saha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Comparative analysis of normalized difference index for assessing urbanization, forest degradation, and water body changes: A case study of Sylhet and Gazipur districts, Bangladesh
Bangladesh has experienced rapid urbanization in recent years, leading to significant ecological changes. This study examines land cover variations in Sylhet and Gazipur districts, with an emphasis on vegetation, urbanization, and water bodies, to assess the environmental impacts of urban development, including decreased vegetation. Remote sensing data from 2004 to 2024 were analyzed using Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify long-term changes through the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). The seasonal variations were highlighted through separate examinations of the data. The outcomes revealed different trajectories for the two districts. NDVI analysis indicates contrasting vegetation dynamics between the two districts. In Sylhet, winter NDVI declined by 9.05% over the 2004–2024 period, while summer NDVI increased by 11.52%, reflecting seasonal growth variability but ecological sensitivity. In contrast, Gazipur recorded modest vegetation gains (5.25% in winter and 0.32% in summer), suggesting limited recovery amid developmental pressures. NDBI trends reveal substantially stronger urban expansion in Gazipur, where built-up intensity increased by 59.7% in winter and 16.33% in summer, compared to seasonal declines in Sylhet (10.21% in winter and 31.67% in summer). Water body dynamics further highlight divergence: Sylhet experienced marked NDWI reductions (41.39% in winter and 21.43% in summer), whereas Gazipur showed seasonal instability, with a 12.31% winter increase but a sharp 34.3% summer decline. Overall, Sylhet appears less urbanized but hydrologically vulnerable, while Gazipur demonstrates pronounced urban-driven ecological strain. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for sustainable planning through planned reforestation, green space conservation, and effective water resource management, among other measures, to minimize ecological degradation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tonmoy Banik, Ashraf Ali Seddique https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sustainable management of chemistry laboratory wastewater in undergraduate colleges: A review and way forward
Chemistry laboratories at undergraduate colleges play a vital role in teaching and research. These laboratories produce wastewaters containing hazardous substances, including strong acids, bases, heavy metals, and organic solvents. The disposal of untreated wastewater may pose risks to the environment and human well-being. This study aims to summarize types of laboratory wastewater, disposal practices, regulatory frameworks, and emerging sustainable alternatives. The emphasis was on low-cost, sustainable, and eco-friendly treatment strategies that could be easily adopted in undergraduate colleges with limited resources. This review highlights the need to integrate sustainable wastewater management practices into academic curricula to safeguard human and environmental health, ensure regulatory compliance, and support the broader goals of environmental sustainability. The integration of microscale experiments could considerably reduce the volume of hazardous liquid effluents. Deploying small-scale, on-site treatment facilities equipped with a combination of neutralization, precipitation, and filtration methods can serve as a preliminary decontamination step before final waste management options. Strengthening well-defined protocols for waste segregation, accompanied by methodical training for faculty members, students, and laboratory attendants, can emphasize secure laboratory practices. A coordinated approach involving policy initiatives, research advancements, and educational reforms will be a key to advancing eco-friendly and sustainable laboratory waste management practices across undergraduate institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amit Kumar Kundu, Md Habib, Manirul Mandal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Marine pollution assessment and source mapping along the Visakhapatnam coast using remote sensing and GIS techniques
Marine pollution in coastal regions is a growing environmental concern, demanding integrated strategies for sustainable coastal management and spatial planning. This study assesses the spatial intensity and inland sources of marine pollution along the Visakhapatnam coast, extending from Bheemunipatnam in the north to Gangavaram in the south. A novel marine pollution index (MPI) was developed using a 15 km offshore buffer zone by integrating five marine parameters Chlorophyll-a, total suspended matter (TSM), sea surface temperature (SST), proximity to industrial and port areas, and proximity to drainage systems. All datasets were harmonized to a 1 km spatial resolution and objectively weighted using the Best Worst Method (BWM), a multi-criteria decision-making approach. Results identify proximity to drains/canals (0.4158) and industrial/port areas (0.2366) as the dominant contributors to marine pollution, followed by TSM (0.1577), Chlorophyll-a (0.1183), and SST (0.0717). To link marine impacts with inland drivers, a complementary geospatial analysis incorporating seven terrestrial parameters was conducted. The results reveal Visakhapatnam Urban as the primary source region, followed by Pedagantyada and Gajuwaka, while Bheemunipatnam shows minimal influence. This integrated marine-terrestrial framework offers a transferable decision support tool for identifying pollution hotspots and guiding targeted coastal management interventions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nazeera Begum Pathan, Ibrahim Shaik, Pandu Brahmaji Rao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Phthalic acid esters and polybrominated diphenyl occurrence in a coastal lagoon: Spatial patterns, trends and potential risk
Phthalate esters (PAEs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are emerging contaminants whose bioaccumulative potential pose serious risks to ecosystems and human health. This study assessed the concentrations, distribution, and ecological risks of PAE and PBDE congeners in surface water and sediment from four selected catchments along the Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria. Extraction of target compounds was performed using liquid–liquid and ultrasonication techniques, followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. All examined PBDE congeners and two of the six targeted PAEs, di-sec-butyl phthalate (DSBP) and benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) were detected in all sampling locations and matrices. In contrast, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and phthalic acid decyl hept-2-yl ester (PADHE) was detected in few sites. Mean concentrations of PAEs ranged from 0.39–0.52 mg/L in surface water and 0.33–0.57 mg/kg in sediment, while mean PBDE concentration ranged from 0.047–0.11 mg/L and 0.06–0.21 mg/kg in surface water and sediment, respectively. Benzyl butyl phthalate contributed 73.48% of total PAEs in surface water and 73.07% in sediment, whereas 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-153) accounted for 55.14% of total PBDEs in surface water and 34.75% in sediment. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a dominance of low molecular weight PAEs: dimethyl phthalate (DMP) and high-brominated PBDEs commonly linked to domestic effluents, urban runoff, plastic based materials, and consumer products indicating intense human activities especially at Makoko and Atlas Cove. Risk quotient (RQ) indicates low risk (RQ < 1) from DEP and DMP, whereas levels of BBP suggest the potential for significant ecological risk (RQ > 100), especially on algae in most locations. Detected PBDE concentrations with RQs ≥ 100, likely resulting from the debromination of heavily brominated deca-BDEs, suggest considerable risk to aquatic biota. Notably, the elevated levels of hexa- and hepta-BDE congeners at Makoko and Atlas Cove indicate potential adverse effects on aquatic organisms. These findings highlight the need for stringent regulatory measures and informed management actions, to safeguard Nigeria’s coastal environments and public health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amii Isaac Obiakara-Amaechi, Akeem Akindele Abayomi, Lawal Ololade Ipadeola, Labeebah Damilola Dhikrullah, Olugbenga Bolupe Oguntowo, Lucian Obinna Chukwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Heavy metal contamination, physicochemical properties, and environmental health risks of soils affected by rice mill effluents in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
Rice mill effluents can degrade soil quality and introduce contaminants that pose ecological and public health risks, yet data from large-scale milling facilities in northern Nigeria remain limited. This study assessed the physicochemical characteristics, heavy metal concentrations, and associated health and ecological risks of soils surrounding Labana Rice Mill, Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from the mill premises and the cardinal directions (North, South, East, and West) and analyzed in the laboratory. The soils were slightly acidic, having pH values ranging between 6.20 and 6.62. Electrical conductivity (EC) exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines (>1,500 µS/cm) in the North (1,510 µS/cm) and West (1,570 µS/cm) directions, while total dissolved solids (TDS) were also elevated in these locations (760–790 mg/L) compared to the WHO guidelines (<500 mg/L). Dissolved oxygen levels were low (2.3–2.9 mg/L) relative to WHO guidelines (6.5–8.0 mg/L), whereas temperature values (27.9–29.0°C) were within the normal ranges. Heavy metal analysis revealed elevated iron (Fe) concentrations above National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) and WHO guidelines (1–3 mg/L) in the South (10.90 mg/L), North (12.60 mg/L), and West (13.60 mg/L) directions. Zinc (Zn) exceeded the WHO limit (3.0 mg/L) in the South (6.90 mg/L), and copper (Cu) exceeded the NSDWQ limit (1.0 mg/L) in the same location (2.00 mg/L). Lead (Pb) was below detection limits across all sites. Non-carcinogenic health risk assessment yielded a hazard index of 3.80 × 10⁻², while carcinogenic risk was negligible. Ecological risk was also low (2.43 × 10⁻²), with metal concentrations following the order: South > West > North > Premises > East. Positive correlations were observed between some physicochemical parameters and heavy metals, suggesting a common source. Although current exposure poses no immediate health risk, the detected contamination highlights the need for routine monitoring and improved pollution control measures.
Hazard quotient (HQ), Iron (Fe), Public health, Rice mill effluent, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
Copyright (c) 2026 Tajudeen Yahaya, Sha'awanatu Bello, Abdulrazaq Izuafa, Fauziya Inuwa, Umar Idris Boku, Josephine Nathaniel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Continental–Himalayan controls on shifting temperature extremes: A spatiotemporal assessment of heat and cold days in northern Bangladesh
Understanding shifts in temperature extremes is crucial for agricultural planning and long-term climate adaptation in climatically sensitive regions. This study analyzes daily temperature data from northern Bangladesh (1991–2023) to assess changes in extreme heat (>35°C) and cold (<10°C) days, a region influenced by continentality and limited maritime moderation. After data quality control, trends were evaluated using the modified Mann–Kendall test, and shifts were detected using the Pettitt method. The findings indicate two distinct phases: from 1991 to 2005, cold extremes declined sharply due to weakened Himalayan cold surges, whereas heat extremes showed neutral to slightly negative trends. After 2006, all stations exhibited strong increases in heat days (τ = 2.88–3.49), driven by intensified continental warming and reduced pre-monsoon moisture inflow. Cold-day frequencies remained low, confirming persistent winter warming. Overall, the region is transitioning toward a hotter and less thermally variable climate, requiring targeted adaptation strategies.
Zinc–Cadmium Interaction Affects Growth, Metal Accumulation, Photosynthesis, and Antioxidant Activity in Two Mung Bean Varieties
Zinc (Zn) is an essential element, and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) has been extensively applied to crops to combat its deficiency. Moreover, adding Zn brings benefits by reducing cadmium (Cd) accumulation by crops, although its impact on Cd uptake is inconsistent in the literature. Two promising mung bean (Vigna radiata) varieties, released as Jade-AU and Celera II-AU by the Australian Mung Bean Association, were grown hydroponically to examine the effects of ZnSO4 application on Cd accumulation in tissues. This was done by measuring photosynthetic pigments, plant biomass production, Zn and Cd accumulation, and antioxidative enzyme systems. Seven-day-old seedlings were exposed to different levels of Zn (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 µM) and Cd (0, 0.5, and 1 µM) for 14 days. While the addition of Zn significantly (p < 0.01) enhanced photosynthetic pigments, plant biomass, and Zn and Cd concentrations in tissues, the prevalence of Cd revealed damaging outcomes. Zn accumulation in shoots increased as much as 6-fold (95 mg kg⁻¹ in Jade-AU) with the application of Zn alone, while adding Cd restricted the trend. In contrast, Zn accumulation in roots rose 28-fold (146 mg kg⁻¹ in Celera II-AU) when both Zn and Cd were present. Cd concentration in the shoot rose by as much as 22-fold (1.8 mg kg⁻¹ in Celera II-AU) with the application of Cd alone and virtually tripled (5.42 mg kg⁻¹ and 6.99 mg kg⁻¹, in Jade-AU and Celera II-AU, respectively), when Zn and Cd interacted synergistically. Zn addition restricted Cd accumulation in roots under low-Cd level (0.5 mM), while it was unable to limit the translocation of Cd to shoots. Zn application significantly improved antioxidant enzyme activities, with increases observed up to 13% for APX, 41% for CAT, 40% for POD, and 35% for SOD relative to the control. This refers to both varieties of mung beans, indicating the benefit of Zn application in nullifying oxidative stress and maintaining plant growth. Of the two varieties, Jade-AU displayed less Cd translocation from the roots to shoots and produced higher biomass, demonstrating its Cd-tolerant advantages.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Harunur Rashid, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Md Imran Ullah Sarkar, Ravi Naidu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Characterization and Ecological Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Sediments of a Tropical West African Lagoon Ecosystem
The accumulation of mismanaged plastics has continued as a significant threat to the health and ecological functions of coastal ecosystems globally. This study examined microplastic (MP) contamination and ecological risks of twenty-four sediment samples from four locations characterized by significant anthropogenic activities along the Lagos Lagoon. Physicochemical properties of sediment were analyzed using standard methods, while morphological classification of microplastics and polymer identification was carried out using a stereomicroscope and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) following pretreatment with 30% H₂O₂ and density flotation with ZnCl2. Microplastic abundance ranged from 9.17 ± 6.05 to 12.17 ± 7.55 microplastics/kilogram (MPs/kg), while morphological analysis revealed predominance of fibers (41.4%) and black microplastics (49%). Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was the most abundant polymer in sediments, suggesting indiscriminate disposal of single-use plastic bottles. One-way ANOVA showed no significant differences among sampling locations for pH (F3, 16 = 1.29, p = 0.31), electrical conductivity (F3, 16 = 1.10, p = 0.37), total organic carbon (F3, 16 = 1.10, p = 0.37), or microplastic abundance (F3, 16 = 0.31, p = 0.82), suggesting relatively uniform sediment conditions. The detection of potentially toxic polymers raises concern over long-term ecological risks. The Polymer Risk Index (PRI) indicates varying ecological risk, with level IV (high) and V (very high) as the predominant categories. This suggests the potential for significant adverse effects to aquatic organisms and ecosystem health. The result emphasizes the urgent need for improved waste management practices, stricter regulation of single-use plastics, sustained monitoring and effective mitigation strategies around the Lagoon’s catchments.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Copyright (c) 2025 Amii Isaac Obiakara-Amaechi, A.A. Abayomi, T.A. Olorunfemi, L.O. Chukwu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Rural Healthcare Spending at the Household Level: Evidence from India’s Major States
During the period of economic reforms, the Indian economy witnessed an enormous growth with a highly skewed distribution of consumer healthcare expenses. Reduction in public expenditure on the social sector during the period of economic reforms has also adversely affected the rural poor and vulnerable sections of society. This paper attempts to examine the pattern of rural healthcare expenses at the household level and to examine the extent of inequality that prevails in the distribution of healthcare spending across different groups of people in India. Hospitalization and out-patient expenditures are analyzed separately. Gini-coefficient and Palma ratio have been used to measure the degree of inequality. Factors determining the rural healthcare expenses have been identified and examined by using econometric techniques. Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) data for the 61st round (2004-05) and 68th round (2011-12) collected by the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India have been used. Education, rural non-farm employment, female participation in the workforce and availability of health infrastructure appear highly significant in determining rural consumer healthcare spending in Indian states. The outcome of this study highlights the need for an increase in fiscal expenditure for the improvement of public sector healthcare facilities, including manpower so that poor people can attain quality healthcare without suffering any financial distress.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jayanta Sen, Piya Ghosh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Elevated Groundwater Arsenic in Deeper Aquifers of the Brahmaputra Floodplains in Assam, India
The deeper aquifers are considered safe for human consumption in various parts of South Asian countries, including the Ganges floodplains of India and Bangladesh. The present study explored the distribution and controls of groundwater arsenic (As) in deeper aquifers (depth >80 m) as well as shallow aquifers (depth <30 m) that are considered a major source for drinking and irrigation purposes in Brahmaputra floodplains, India. We collected groundwater samples from the two most As-contaminated districts in Assam, India. About 87% of sampled wells in deeper aquifers had As concentration above the WHO permissible limit of 10 µg/l, with a mean concentration of 61 µg/l and 82 µg/l during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. In addition, about 55% of sampled wells in shallow aquifers had As concentration >10 µg/l, with a mean concentration of 47 µg/l and 56 µg/l during pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. Various physico-chemical parameters, viz; pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Cl–, HCO3–, NO3–, and SO42– were analyzed to elucidate the groundwater hydrochemistry of the region. The Piper plot indicated Ca-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 as the major water types in the study area in both deeper and shallow aquifers. The Gibbs plot depicted the rock-water interaction as a major source that governs the groundwater chemistry in the region. The regional scale study indicated that the vertical movement of elevated As from shallow aquifers to deeper depths, coupled with extensive irrigation pumping, could be a probable cause of As in the deeper aquifers.
Copyright (c) 2025 Smitakshi Medhi, Runti Choudhury https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Analyzing the Effects of Data Variability and Quantity on Predicting Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations: Insights from a Machine Learning Approach
Accurately predicting particulate matter, 2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5), concentrations is imperative to the future of public health and environmental policies. Machine learning models incorporating spatial and temporal datasets to predict PM2.5 concentrations are often limited by data availability and poor-resolution satellite imagery. In this study, we present multiple predictive models designed for generalized PM2.5 predictions, the output of which has been utilized for different spatial locations. Using Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boost (XGB) algorithms, these predictive models follow a multidisciplinary approach using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Aerosol optical depth (MODIS AOD) and surface datasets (relative humidity, barometric pressure, outdoor temperature, wind speed and wind direction). Models are trained and validated based on historical data to evaluate the impact of training data variability and quantity on the predictive performance of RF and XGB models for PM2.5 concentrations. Using MODIS AOD alone yielded weak predictive performance, with average R2 values ranging from -0.06 to 0.07 across the three urban areas (Washington, D.C., Boston, and New York City), highlighting its limited capability. The integration of meteorological data (temperature, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity, and barometric pressure) along with MODIS AOD significantly improved the model performance. RF models achieved R² values of 0.30–0.62, while XGB models had R² values of 0.25–0.63, with corresponding RMSE values reduced by 20–30% relative to AOD-only models. Feature importance analysis revealed that PM2.5 predictions were most strongly influenced by temperature (average importance of 0.21), wind speed (0.20), and wind direction (0.15). MODIS AOD exhibited moderate importance (≈0.12), indicating that although satellite-based aerosol observations contributed to the predictions, ground-based meteorological variables remained the primary drivers. These quantitative results highlighted that combining satellite observations with meteorological measurements substantially enhanced PM2.5 predictive accuracy, informing urban planning, environmental policy, and public health interventions to better protect vulnerable populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jada Macharie, Wenge Ni-Meister, Maddalena Romano https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urban Agriculture for Environmental Sustainability: Perception of City Dwellers
Urban agriculture (UA) is the part and parcel of modern farming system which plays a pivotal role in underpinning food security for the global population. This study investigated the perception of city dwellers on the role of urban agricultural system for environmental sustainability. Data were collected from 200 randomly selected respondents from Bangladesh by face-to-face interview method utilizing structured questionnaire in 2024. Statistical analysis was performed employing statistical package for social science (SPSS), version 29. Findings reveal that the majority (34.5%) of respondents belonged to early adopter categories in adopting urban agricultural practices. It was also found that the most adopted urban farming practice is rooftop gardening (93.5%) followed by homestead gardens (80%), container gardens (66.5%) and so forth. Results explored that most (94.5%) of city dwellers perceived a medium to high role of UA on environmental sustainability. Conversely, reducing the cost of living (92.5%) was perceived as the most potential role of these interventions. However, innovativeness, training exposure, access to extension services, media contact, education, group membership, and access to market were identified as the potential factors in adoption of UA. Surprisingly, a significant portion (89%) of respondents confronted medium to high constraints in adopting this innovation. The outcomes explore the present scenario of urban agriculture to the concerned authorities, policymakers, researchers and city dwellers. Therefore, well-planned, and appropriate strategies such as awareness and motivational programs, capacity building initiatives, subsidies for innovations and integration of UA in city master plan can strengthen adoption of urban agricultural interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Maruf Billah, Al Muzahid, Md Nasrul Millat, Mohammad Mahmud Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sustainable Agriculture in a Changing Climate: Unlocking Climate-Smart Agriculture for Securing Global Food Systems
Agriculture is the foundation of human civilization and the main source of livelihoods for millions. However, as global food demand rises to sustain the growing population, agricultural land is shrinking due to degradation and contamination. Additionally, farming practices are increasingly affected by natural and human-made factors, with climate change becoming a major threat to agricultural sustainability. To meet the food needs of a growing population and adapt to climate change, adopting climate-smart farming systems and empowering farmers to manage resources more effectively is crucial. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) offers a promising way to tackle the urgent challenges of sustainable farming by improving resilience, lowering emissions, and boosting productivity. Although many farming communities have started adopting CSA innovations at the farm level, they still face various challenges, such as limited training resources, inadequate information, and poor extension services. To promote wider adoption and successful implementation of these practices, policymakers and relevant organizations must focus on enabling strategies like providing incentives for innovation, farmer training programs, and better access to agricultural services.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md Maruf Billah, Ravi Naidu, Brajesh K. Singh, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Trace Elements in Soils, Their Uptake by Crops and Potential Health Risks: Insights From a Legacy Mining Area in Oruro, Bolivian Altiplano
A geochemical study was conducted in the legacy mining area in Oruro, the Bolivian Altiplano to examine the distribution of trace elements (TEs) in agricultural soils and their uptake by crops. The pseudo-total, bioavailable fractions of TE and sequential extraction fraction of As contents were determined in soils. The pseudo-total concentration of TEs in soils suggests naturally elevated background levels. The strong correlation (p < 0.01) between Feregia/Mnregia-Asregia, Curegia, and Znregia suggests that secondary iron oxides play a key role in adsorbing these TEs. Species linked to carbonates are also present, but negative (r = -0.51; p < 0.01) correlation between soil pH and AsDTPA suggests that the retention of TEs in carbonate is not dominant. The chelate diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (DTPA) method extracted less than 2% of total As, whereas sequential fractionation reported up to 12% as potentially mobilized (F1–non-specifically-bound + F2–specifically-bound), posing a risk of transfer to crops or groundwater. As, Cd and Pb tend to accumulate in soils by binding to amorphous and crystalline Fe oxide surfaces. Arsenic levels in beans and alfalfa (0.19 mg/kg), barley (0.17 mg/kg), and peeled potatoes (0.11 mg/kg), Cd levels in beans (0.03 mg/kg), alfalfa (0.017 mg/kg), barley (0.012 mg/kg), and peeled potatoes (0.023 mg/kg), remained within Chilean, FAO, WHO, and European regulatory limits. However, Pb concentrations exceeded permissible limits in beans (0.32 mg/kg), and alfalfa (0.22 mg/kg); however peeled potatoes (0.16 mg/kg) and barley (0.16 mg/kg) remained below the threshold of European guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Oswaldo Eduardo Ramos Ramos, Maria Isabel Chambi Tapia, Israel Quino Lima, Tobias S. Rötting, Vladimir Orsag, Lourdes Chambi, Ondra Sracek, Jorge Quintanilla Aguirre, Jyoti Prakash Maity, Arslan Ahmad, Jochen Bundschuh, Prosun Bhattacharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Land Use and Land Cover Changes and Their Effect on Forest Cover Dynamics: A CA–ANN Model in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India
Land use and land cover (LULC) changes, driven by urbanization and human activities, play an important role in forest cover dynamics. Understanding the interactions of these factors is essential for addressing environmental impacts and formulating sustainable policies for forest management. This study investigated the effects of urbanization on LULC changes from 2002 to 2022 using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm in East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India. Landsat 7 ETM+ imagery from 2002 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS imagery from 2013 and 2022 were used in this study. Seven land use classes, dense forest, moderate forest, sand bar, fallow land, settlement, water body, and agriculture were categorized. Dense forest has declined by 33 km2 from 2002 to 2022, indicating persistent deforestation. Moderate forest expanded until 2013 but declined later in 2022, suggesting degradation. Agricultural land increased gradually by 157 km2 from 2002 to 2022, likely due to shifting cultivation and land reclamation. Water bodies exhibited a minor fluctuation, while fallow land declined by 85 km2. Sand bars remained stable, showing only a minor change, suggesting minimal sedimentation effects. The results suggest the gradual expansion of built-up areas by 30 km2, along with the increase in agricultural lands. The predicted LULC changes for 2030 and 2040 indicate ongoing deforestation and rapid expansion of settlements. A comprehensive study with additional data is needed to help policymakers, particularly those responsible for forest management in the East Khasi Hills, to better understand LULC changes and their impact on forest cover dynamics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Parimita Saikia, Dariki S. Langshiang, Lovely Raliang https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Heavy Metals in Estuarine Finfish and Crustaceans and Their Associated Health Risks in the Western Hooghly Estuary, Indian Sundarbans
Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that provide important social, economic, and environmental benefits. However, they are increasingly exposed to various contaminants, including heavy metals. The presence of heavy metals in such ecosystems can pose a serious threat to marine and aquatic life, including fish and crustaceans. Fish (Lates calcarifer, Liza parsia and Mystus gulio) and crustaceans (Penaeus monodon and Scylla serrata) were collected from local fishermen in Nayachar, West Bengal, in the Indian Sundarbans. Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cd and As, concentrations were measured in the edible muscle tissues of these species using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The concentration of heavy metals in the edible muscle tissues were observed in the following descending order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cr > Cd > As. Results show a potential health risk from Pb both in terms of target hazard quotient (THQ) and provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) for Lates calcarifer, Liza parsia and Mystus gulio. However, the consumption of these species didn’t pose a serious health risk with respect to other measured heavy metals as both THQ and PTWI were within the established and/or recommended limits. Long-term exposure to these fish species could pose a significant toxicity risk to individuals who consume them regularly. Regular monitoring, identification of contamination sources and treatment are crucial to reduce any potential health risks to the local population and other consumers, as the Sundarbans is a major fish producing area in the state of West Bengal, India.
Copyright (c) 2025 Debargha Chakraborty, Dipanwita Das, Alok Chandra Samal, S.C. Santra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Critical Zone weathering controls on the hydrogeochemistry and spatial variability of groundwater arsenic and fluoride in the Lake Victoria Basin, Northwest Tanzania
Arsenic (As) and fluoride (F⁻) in groundwater limit access to safe drinking water across East Africa, yet process-based understanding of their co-occurrence in Precambrian basement aquifers of northern Tanzania remains limited. This study analyzed groundwater samples (n = 88) from 13 wards in Geita district, Lake Victoria Basin, adjacent to large-scale and artisanal gold mining areas. An integrated approach combining hydrogeochemistry, geospatial analysis, and geochemical modeling was used to investigate spatial variability and the hydrogeochemical processes controlling the distribution of As and F⁻ in the aquifer. Arsenic concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 280 μg/L and F⁻ from 0.13 to 2.17 mg/L; with approximately 82% and 8% samples exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values, respectively. Groundwater pH was 5.7–7.5, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) indicated generally acceptable salinity and dissolved As occurred predominantly as As(V) species. As and F⁻ exhibited spatial clustering and co-occurrence associated with migmatite-granitoid-metasediment complexes and volcano-sedimentary Greenstone Belt lithologies, with higher concentrations observed in mining-affected areas. These patterns are interpreted within a Critical Zone framework, where coupled lithological, hydrological, and biogeochemical processes regulate weathering reactions, generate reactive Fe-oxide and clay surfaces, and establish pH and redox conditions that control trace element mobility. Variations in pH (5.7–7.5) influenced As mobility primarily through oxidative weathering of arsenopyrite and other sulfides, forming secondary Fe(III) oxides and hydroxides. Subsequent reductive dissolution of these Fe phases under favorable geochemical conditions released sorbed or co-precipitated As into groundwater, particularly within Ca-HCO3 type waters. Fluoride mobilization was enhanced under alkaline, Na–HCO₃ waters, low Ca²⁺ activity, elevated Na⁺ and HCO₃⁻, ion exchange, and calcite precipitation, which together favored fluorite dissolution and desorption. By linking observed spatial patterns to Critical Zone weathering processes, this study provided a mechanistic basis for As and F⁻ co-occurrence in Precambrian basement aquifers of Northwest Tanzania and offered insights for groundwater-risk assessment and the design of safe drinking-water supply strategies in mining-affected regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fanuel Ligate, Julian Ijumulana, Regina Irunde, Vivian Kimambo, Rajabu Hamisi, Jyoti Prakash Maity, Joseph Mtamba, Felix Mtalo, Prosun Bhattacharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Arsenic and Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water Wells: A Field Study in West Bengal, India
The co-occurrence of arsenic (As) and microbial pathogens in groundwater represents a serious threat to public health. The complex interactions between chemical and microbial parameters can increase mobility and bioavailability of As, exacerbating water quality challenges in affected regions. The present study deals with the screening of As and microbial contamination in drinking water wells in rural villages of West Bengal, India. The percentage of As contaminated tube wells (i.e., >10 mg/L) is highest in Dewli (81.66%), followed by Ghentugachi (72.37%), Dubra (60.37%) and Sorati (54.72%). The presence of microbial parameters (i.e., total and fecal coliform bacteria) is highest in Silinda-II (68.21%), whereas lowest percentage in Madanpur-I (7.94%). Additionally, the co-occurrence of As contamination and total and fecal coliform bacterial populations in tube wells is also determined. Silinda-II has the highest As and microbial presence in 34.65% of the tube wells, whereas, the lowest percentage was observed in Tatla-II, constituting 1.47% of the tube wells. The co-occurrence of As and microbial pathogens in tube wells varies geographically across several villages in the study area. Such observation is primarily linked to rural land use, tube well depths, and the location of tube wells close to the pit latrine, pond, and agricultural land. This study highlights the necessity for immediate intervention to improve water quality in rural villages, such as the improvement of sanitation infrastructure, and monitoring of tube wells to ensure safe drinking water supply.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anindita Mukhopadhyay, Pinaki Ghosh, Joydev Jana, Debashis Chatterjee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Sustainable Solutions to Environmental Challenges Through Enhanced Public Awareness
We are excited to announce the launch of the inaugural issue of the Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability, the flagship publication of Enviro Mind Solutions. This launch marks the beginning of our commitment toward advancing high-quality interdisciplinary research at the intersection of environmental science, sustainability, and One Health. The journal aims to serve as a platform for innovative studies that tackle emerging global environmental challenges, leveraging state-of-the-art techniques such as remote sensing for data collection, geospatial artificial intelligence and hydrogeological modeling for data analytics and decision-making. We aim to catalyze impactful research that informs policy, guides sustainable practices, and fosters a global research community committed to transformative environmental solutions. Our first issue features insightful research that reflects the journal’s mission and sets the foundation for future contributions. Through the dissemination of impactful studies that inform policy and practice, we aim to foster a strong, collaborative research community and drive meaningful solutions for a sustainable future.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bibhash Nath, Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman, Priyanka Mondal, Sharon Kahara, Prosun Bhattacharya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Mitigating nitrous oxide emissions through iron amendments in water-saving irrigated paddy fields: A review
Rice cultivation is a major contributor to agricultural nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential approximately 300 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2) and an atmospheric lifetime of ~121 years. Although water-saving irrigation practices, including Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) and Mid-Season Drainage (MD), effectively reduce methane (CH4) emissions by up to 27.6% and decrease irrigation water use by 15–30%, they often intensify soil aeration and stimulate microbial nitrification-denitrification, leading to substantial increases in N2O emissions. Reported increases range from 28.8% to more than 16-fold, with specific studies showing rises from 0.02 to 0.51 kg N2O-N ha−1 under AWD and up to 242% under MD. These trade-offs threaten the long-term sustainability of water-saving rice systems. Iron-based soil amendments (IA) have emerged as a promising mitigation strategy to counteract these elevated N2O emissions. For instance, iron (Fe) powder enhances the activity of Fe-reducing bacteria, such as Geobacter and Anaeromyxobacter, generating Fe2+ and lowering the soil's redox potential, which promotes the complete reduction of N2O to N2. Furthermore, other Fe amendments, including Fe-modified biochar and soluble ferrous iron (Fe2+), help mitigate N2O emissions by immobilizing NH4+, reducing the populations of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and supplying surplus electrons that enable denitrifiers to fully reduce N2O to N2. Empirical studies show that Fe-based amendments can reduce N₂O emissions by ~40% (iron-slag silicate fertilizer) and lower nitrification rates from 9.38 to 5.43 μg N g−1 d−1 when applied as Fe-modified biochar. Iron powder also enhances atmospheric N fixation, reducing reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Integrating IA with AWD and/or MD, therefore, offers a synergistic pathway to sustain the benefits of water-saving irrigation while minimizing unintended increases in N2O emissions. Field-scale, multi-season studies are still needed to validate long-term impacts and assess residual Fe behavior, but current evidence demonstrates strong potential for these combined strategies to support climate-resilient, low-emission rice production aligned with global mitigation goals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Md Roconuzzaman Nasim, Joy Sarker, Khadija Khatun Keya, Md. Hasibul Hasan, Sharmin Akter, Md. Rafiqul Islam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatiotemporal assessment and prognostic modeling of groundwater level in Mymensingh, Bangladesh: A longitudinal study utilizing ARIMA time-series forecasting
Groundwater plays a crucial role in meeting the demands of domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors worldwide. The growing reliance on groundwater resources has led to excessive withdrawal that exceeds natural recharge for an extended period due to population growth, urban development, and other environmental factors. This study analyzed groundwater level data from Mymensingh, Bangladesh, to determine the spatiotemporal pattern, the rate of groundwater level depletion, and the state of predicted groundwater level by 2050. Weekly groundwater level data from seven monitoring wells were collected from the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) from 2002 to 2023. Spatial interpolation using inverse distance weighting (IDW) and an ARIMA time series model was employed for the analysis of long-term water level forecasting. The results showed groundwater level fluctuations and depletion at different monitoring wells of the study area. Of the 7 monitoring wells, GT6152021 experienced the highest depletion (0.24 m/y), and GT6152020 was the lowest (0.09 m/y); both were in Mymensingh Sadar. The depletion rates of other wells fluctuated between 0.15 and 0.19 m/y. The groundwater level data from all monitoring wells revealed a declining trend, indicating that the groundwater resources were used indiscriminately in the studied region. The fitted ARIMA (0, 1, 0) forecasting model for well GT6152021 observed the groundwater level to be at 25 m by 2050, and the other wells be between 17.5 and 19.5 m. These results will help planners and policymakers allocate groundwater resources among agricultural, domestic, and industrial uses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shahrin Tabassum, Ashraf Ali Seddique https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital behavior, mental health, and environmental attitudes among undergraduate students: A data-driven study
In the present era, environmental attitudes and awareness, along with digital behavior among the youth, play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of natural resources and societal well-being. This study examined the digital behavior, mental health, and environmental attitudes among the undergraduate students at Krishnagar Government College, West Bengal, India. A structured questionnaire-based survey was conducted using a ‘Google Form’ to collect the responses anonymously. A total of 398 responses were received from the surveyed students, which is approximately 16 to 18% of the enrolled college student population. Key findings suggest that excessive screen time was associated with poorer sleep, increased academic stress, and concentration difficulties. Students who seldom sought support were significantly more likely to report severe stress, while eco-conscious behaviors, such as using reusable drinking water bottles, were associated with more positive overall well‑being. Clustering of the responses revealed distinct student profiles based on usage and stress metrics, suggesting targeted interventions. This study provided a comprehensive statistical overview of college students’ well‑being in the digital age and offered evidence-based recommendations for college campus policies and support programs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irfan Ukil, Subrata Rana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Evaluating flood, sprinkler and drip irrigation systems for dragon fruit production in Bangladesh
Water scarcity and inefficient irrigation practices are major challenges to sustainable fruit production in Bangladesh. Although dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is relatively drought-tolerant, supplemental irrigation is crucial during flowering and fruiting to achieve high yield and fruit quality. In the Madhupur Tract, declining groundwater levels necessitate evaluating modern irrigation systems to promote efficient water use and ensure profitability. This study compared the performance of traditional flood, sprinkler, and drip irrigation systems for sustainable dragon fruit production. The focus was on water and energy use efficiency, productivity, farmer satisfaction, and economic viability (benefit–cost ratio, net present value, and payback period). Twelve dragon fruit farms were selected across the Madhupur Tract, representing each irrigation type. Data were collected on irrigated area, irrigation source, soil type, irrigation depth and interval, energy use, fruit yield and quality, user satisfaction (water distribution uniformity, runoff loss, waterlogging, soil erosion, water saving, and water quality), and installation and operation costs. Sprinkler and drip irrigation systems outperformed the traditional flood irrigation system in nearly all parameters. Drip irrigation delivered the highest irrigation water productivity (6.12 kg/m³) and the top benefit–cost ratio (2.08). It also provided water effectively (0.45 cm/event). Sprinkler systems achieved the highest land coverage (1.04 ha) and the best user satisfaction with the lowest energy demand (920 kWh/ha/year). Flood irrigation consumed the most water (2.1 cm/event), required the highest energy (2364 kWh/ha/year), and received the lowest satisfaction ratings. Sprinkler and drip systems delivered superior yields and fruit quality. Although their initial setup costs were higher, all systems achieved payback within a year, with drip and flood systems recovering costs the fastest (0.10 years). Overall, drip and sprinkler systems proved more efficient, profitable, and environmentally sustainable than conventional flood irrigation. The study recommends promoting precision irrigation technologies and providing targeted financial support for sustainable crop production in water-stressed regions.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. G. Mostofa Amin, Ummoy Sumaia Shammy, Md. Abdur Rouf, SSRM Mahe Alam Sorwar, Md. Rafizul Islam Mondal, Prodeep Kumar Sarker, Md. Habibur Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Groundwater salinization in inland basins of arid and semiarid climates: An overview
Salinization of aquifers is a growing global challenge in the aquifers ability to supply drinking and irrigation water, especially in regions with arid or semiarid climates. An analysis of key recent studies was conducted to identify the factors that lead to the severity of the salinity problem in vulnerable areas. The highest salinity values (averaging 2,000 mg/L to 12,000 mg/L) are reported for the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), resulting from the dissolution of carbonates, gypsum and halite. Intensive agriculture artificially raises the water table, favoring evaporation, which together with the infiltration of irrigation returns, significantly increases salinity. Latin American regions report unsustainable groundwater withdrawals and poor management as their main challenge. Overall, groundwater salinity evolves from Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3 types to Na-Cl type. Strategies aimed at reducing salinization consistently emphasize increased monitoring and effective water management practices, which vary according to each region. Two regions, northern Mexico and the food basket of Ghana, illustrate the differences and similarities of groundwater salinization in irrigated semiarid areas.
aquifer salinization, groundwater quality, semiarid, irrigation
Copyright (c) 2025 Melida Gutierrez, Emmanuel Daanoba Sunkari, Kevin Mickus, Moses B. Okyere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Relevance of PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) contamination to the environment and sustainable development
Following the objective of the Journal of Environmental Science, Health & Sustainability to provide a dedicated platform to report important environmental problems, this editorial aims to motivate the readers to stay aware of the dramatic situation represented by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and how they are related to sustainable development. PFAS are a large and complex class of synthetic chemicals that have been extensively used in consumer products globally since the 1950s. These molecules have a chain of linked carbon and fluorine atoms, and, due to the high strength of the C-F bonds, they do not degrade and are environmentally persistent. For these reasons, humans and animals are exposed to these compounds, causing multiple health effects, and these “forever chemicals” have been declared priority pollutants. PFAS interfere with Sustainable Development Goals because they undermine goals related to clean water, good health, and sustainable ecosystems. They contaminate water and soil, harming wildlife and human health by potentially causing reproductive and developmental issues, increased cancer risk, and immune system suppression. Addressing this requires phasing out non-essential uses and developing solutions for decontamination and sustainable water management. In this sense, several technologies have been attempted to degrade these persistent and toxic pollutants from water, achieving different efficiencies. The PFAS chemical structure, applications, effects on human health, and some remediation solutions are mentioned in this editorial with the objective of relating these aspects to sustainable development.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), Forever chemicals, Eternal pollutants, Health effects of PFAS, PFAS removal
Copyright (c) 2025 Marta I. Litter https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Acute toxicity test of monosodium glutamate in Channa punctatus and its ecotoxicological implications
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), the umami substance commonly used in the food industry, is known for its ability to enhance savory flavors. Although it is generally recognized as safe by Food Safety Regulatory Agencies, several studies have questioned its long-term safety. Despite its widespread use, the potential toxicity of MSG therefore remains under-researched. This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity of MSG in terms of its median lethal concentrations (LC50) as well as the potential to induce morphological and behavioral changes in the freshwater fish Channa punctatus upon short-term exposure. Static bioassay tests were conducted by exposing the fish to different concentrations of MSG and the mortality of the fish was recorded at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of exposure. The physicochemical parameters of the aquarium water, such as pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total hardness, and total alkalinity, were maintained within their optimal ranges. The LC50 value was determined using probit analysis following standard guidelines to ensure accuracy and reproducibility. The results indicate that MSG exhibited acute toxicity to C. punctatus within the tested range of concentrations. Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in mortality as well as marked behavioral and morphological changes were observed. The severity of symptoms increases at higher MSG concentrations, indicating induction of physiological stress in exposed fish. This is the first study to assess the acute toxicity of MSG on the fish C. punctatus. These findings provide baseline information that will aid further toxicological research and monitoring of the long-term effects of MSG on aquatic organisms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Farha Ashique, Pankaj Kumar, Kainat Masih, Amod Kumar, Parimal Kumar Khan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0