Co-application of mustard oil cake and chemical fertilizers increased yield and quality of betel leaf (Piper betle L. cv. Mahanali) in sub-tropical floodplain soil

Md. Rafiqul Islam; Md Roconuzzaman Nasim; Shihab Uddin; Fahmida Ahmed; Sadia Rahaman; Moumita Saha; Hasina Afroz; Abu Zofar Md. Moslehuddin; Md. Joinul Abedin Mian; Mohammad Rafiqul Islam

doi:10.63697/jeshs.2026.10105

Authors

Md. Rafiqul Islam Regional Agricultural Research Station, Rahmatpur, Barisal-8211, Bangladesh
Md Roconuzzaman Nasim Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Shihab Uddin Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Fahmida Ahmed Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Sadia Rahaman Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Moumita Saha Department of Agricultural Extension, Homna, Cumilla-3546, Bangladesh
Hasina Afroz Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Abu Zofar Md. Moslehuddin Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Md. Joinul Abedin Mian Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
Mohammad Rafiqul Islam Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.63697/jeshs.2026.10105

Keywords:

Betel leaf, Chemical fertilizers, Mustard oil cake, Benefit–cost ratio

Abstract

Nutrient management is crucial for sustainable betel leaf production in subtropical floodplain soils; however, the effects of co-applying mustard oil cake (MOC) with mineral fertilizers have not been well studied in Bangladesh. This study evaluated graded N-substitution ratios of MOC and urea to identify the most productive and profitable nutrient management strategy for betel leaf (Piper betle L., cv. Mahanali) across Rabi and Kharif seasons using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of six treatments, viz, T₀ (Control), T₁ (N₃₀₀P₁₀₀K₁₀₀ kg ha^-1), T₂ (25% N from MOC + 75% N from urea), T₃ (50% N from MOC + 50% N from urea), T₄ (75% N from MOC + 25% N from urea), and T₅ (100% N from MOC). The findings revealed that nutrient management significantly improved betel leaf growth and yield across seasons. T₃ produced the highest Rabi yield (2.76 t ha^-1), increasing yield by 94.83% over the control (1.42 t ha^-1), while T₄ produced the highest Kharif yield (5.78 t ha^-1), increasing yield by 79.37% over the control (3.23 t ha^-1). Post-harvest soil fertility also improved, with maximum increases in SOC from 0.74 to 0.81%, total N from 0.06 to 0.08%, available P from 8.30 to 9.85 ppm, exchangeable K from 0.34 to 0.41 meq 100 g^-1 soil, and available S from 6.27 to 6.92 ppm, corresponding to increases of 8.6, 33.3, 18.7, 20.6, and 10.4%, respectively. Moreover, the highest BCR (1.37) was calculated from T₃. Co-applying MOC with urea, particularly at 50–75% N substitution from MOC, improves betel leaf yield and soil nutrient status, with T₃ best for profitability and T₄ best for soil improvement.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Angst, G., Pokorný, J., Mueller, C. W., Prater, I., Preusser, S., Kandeler, E., Meador, T., Straková, P., Hájek, T., van Buiten, G., & Angst, Š. (2021). Soil texture affects the coupling of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 159, 108302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108302

Bar, A., & Pariari, A. (2020). Evaluation of integrated nitrogen management on vine and leaf characters of betel vine (Piper betle L.) cultivars in new alluvial zone of West Bengal. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(3), 2192–2196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/phyto.2020.v9.i3aj.11638

Bar, A., Pariari, A., Biswas, P., Karmakar, M., & Saha, G. (2020). Comparative studies on leaf yield, quality and economy of three cultivars of betelvine (Piper betle L.) as influenced by integrated nitrogen management. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(11), 3137–3147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.911.378

Bouyoucos, G. J. (1936). Directions for making mechanical analyses of soils by the hydrometer method. Soil Science, 42(3), 225–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193609000-00007

Bremner, J. M., & Mulvaney, C. S. (1982). Nitrogen—total. In Agronomy Monographs (pp. 595–624). Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c31

Chapman, H. D. (1965). Cation‐exchange capacity. In Agronomy Monographs (pp. 891–901). Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c6

Chen, Q., Song, Y., An, Y., Lu, Y., & Zhong, G. (2024). Soil microorganisms: Their role in enhancing crop nutrition and health. Diversity, 16(12), 734. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d16120734

Chitra, R., Janaki, D., & Jansirani, P. (2020). Effect of bio-inoculants on growth and yield of betel vine (Piper betle). Journal of Plantation Crops, 232–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25081/jpc.2020.v48.i3.6631

Das, S. K. (2025). Oilcake bioconversion into enriched micronutrient and secondary nutrient: Optimization and evaluation. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 16(1), 487–496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-024-02690-2

Dutta, B., Bandyopadhyay, A. K., Sultana, S., Mondal, A., Rudra, B. C., & Das, G. (2020). The effects of biofertilizers, organic and inorganic nutrient sources on growth parameters and yield of Piper betle L. (Betlevine) under Gangetic Alluvial Soil of West Bengal. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 90–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2020/v32i630296

Egamberdieva, D., Renella, G., Wirth, S., & Islam, R. (2010). Enzyme Activities in the Rhizosphere of Plants. In Soil Biology (pp. 149–166). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14225-3_8

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (1988). Land resources appraisal of Bangladesh for agricultural development: Report 2. Agro-ecological regions of Bangladesh (pp. 212–221). UNDP/FAO.

Ghosh, A. B., Bajaj, J. C., Hasan, R., & Singh, D. (1983). Soil and water testing methods: A laboratory manual (pp. 31–36). Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI).

Gomez, K. A., & Gomez, A. A. (1984). Statistical procedures for agricultural research (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Haider, M., Rahman, M., & Alam, M. (2013). Indigenous management practices of betel-leaf (Piper betle L.) by the Khasia community of Bangladesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 12, 231–239.

Hena, A., Fahim, A., Naher, M., Wadud, M., Sarker, R., & Alam, M. (2017). Impact of nutrient management on yield and quality of betel leaf. Journal of Scientific Achievements, 2, 13–18.

Hossain, M. F., Anwar, M., Akhtar, S., & Numan, S. M. (2017). Uses impact of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) on public health. Science Journal of Public Health, 5(6), 408–410. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20170506.11

Imam, M. N., Pariari, A., & Sahu, P. K. (2012). Effect of integrated nitrogen application on growth and yield of betelvine (Piper betle L.). Journal of Crop and Weed, 8(1), 141–144.

Islam, M. R., Bilkis, S., Hoque, T. S., Uddin, S., Jahiruddin, M., Rahman, M. M., Rahman, M. M., Alhomrani, M., Gaber, A., & Hossain, M. A. (2021b). Mineralization of farm manures and slurries for successive release of carbon and nitrogen in incubated soils varying in moisture status under controlled laboratory conditions. Agriculture, 11(9), 846. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11090846

Islam, M. R., Bilkis, S., Hoque, T. S., Uddin, S., Jahiruddin, M., Rahman, M. M., Siddique, A. B., Hossain, M. A., Danso Marfo, T., Danish, S., & Datta, R. (2021a). Mineralization of farm manures and slurries under aerobic and anaerobic conditions for subsequent release of phosphorus and sulphur in soil. Sustainability, 13(15), 8605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158605

Islam, Q., Matin, M., Rashid, M., Hoq, M., & Moniruzzaman, -. (2015). Profitability of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) cultivation in some selected sites of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research, 40(3), 409–420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v40i3.25416

Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis (pp. 69–182). Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

Jahangir, M. M. R., Bell, R. W., Uddin, S., Ferdous, J., Nasreen, S. S., Haque, M. E., Satter, M. A., Zaman, M., Ding, W., Jahiruddin, M., & Müller, C. (2022b). Conservation agriculture with optimum fertilizer nitrogen rate reduces GWP for rice cultivation in floodplain soils. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.853655

Jahangir, M. M. R., Rahman, S., Uddin, S., Mumu, N. J., Biswas, C., Jahiruddin, M., Müller, C., & Zaman, M. (2022a). Crop residue interactions with fertilizer rate enhances volatilization loss and reduces nitrogen use efficiency in irrigated maize and potato. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 69(10), 1833–1845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2022.2117303

Kabato, W., Hailegnaw, N., Mutum, L., & Molnar, Z. (2025). Managing soil health for climate resilience and crop productivity in a changing environment. Science of The Total Environment, 1000, 180460. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180460

Kemmitt, S., Wright, D., Goulding, K., & Jones, D. (2006). pH regulation of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in two agricultural soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38(5), 898–911. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.08.006

Knudsen, D., Peterson, G. A., & Pratt, P. F. (1982). Lithium, Sodium, and Potassium. In Agronomy Monographs (pp. 225–246). Wiley. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.2ed.c13

Kumar, N., Sow, S., Rana, L., Ranjan, S., & Singh, A. K. (2025). Trash amended with trichoderma effects on cane yield, soil carbon dynamics, and enzymatic activities under plant–ratoon system of sugarcane in calcareous soil. Sugar Tech, 27(1), 134–147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12355-024-01467-0

Li, J.-Y., Chen, P., Li, Z.-G., Li, L.-Y., Zhang, R.-Q., Hu, W., & Liu, Y. (2023). Soil aggregate-associated organic carbon mineralization and its driving factors in rhizosphere soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 186, 109182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2023.109182

Lindsay, W. L., & Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA soil test for zinc, iron, manganese, and copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42(3), 421–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x

Lodygin, E., Shamrikova, E., Kubik, O., Chebotarev, N., & Abakumov, E. (2023). The role of organic and mineral fertilization in maintaining fertility and productivity of cryolithozone soils. Agronomy, 13(5), 1384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051384

Mahalakshmi, M., Chitra, R., Rani, P. J., & Janaki, D. (2019). Effect of organic manures and nutrients on growth and yield of betelvine (Piper betle L.). International Journal of Chemical Studies, 7(3), 288–291.

Mc, G., & Nadaf, S. (2025). Soil pH and plant growth: A detailed review of interactions and management. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research, 9(7), 431–443. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2025.v9.i7f.4765

Mondal, S., Das, R., & Das, A. C. (2014). A comparative study on the decomposition of edible and non-edible oil cakes in the Gangetic alluvial soil of West Bengal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 186(8), 5199–5207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3769-7

Mredul, M. M. H., Akkas, A. B., Elsaidy, N., Ali, M. L., Mondal, Md. A. H., & Alam, M. R. (2022). Using of mustard oil cake in safe organic aquaculture through increasing pond primary productivity. Aquaculture Reports, 23, 101073. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2022.101073

Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. U., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate (USDA Circular No. 939). U.S. Government Printing Office.

Rahman, M. H., Islam, M. R., Aminuzzaman, F., Latif, A., & Rahman, H. (2020). Physio-morphological study of Betel Vine (Piper betle L.) cultivars available in Bangladesh. The Agriculturists, 18(1), 56–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3329/agric.v18i1.49459

Rahman, M. M., Islam, Md. R., Uddin, S., Rahman, M. M., Gaber, A., Abdelhadi, A. A., & Jahangir, M. M. R. (2022). Biochar and compost-based integrated nutrient management: Potential for carbon and microbial enrichment in degraded acidic and charland soils. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.798729

Rahman, M. M., Uddin, S., Jahangir, M. M. R., Solaiman, Z. M., Alamri, S., Siddiqui, M. H., & Islam, M. R. (2021). Integrated nutrient management enhances productivity and nitrogen use efficiency of crops in acidic and charland soils. Plants, 10(11), 2547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10112547

Ranjan, S., Kumar, S., Dutta, S. K., Sow, S., Sunil Kumar, & Sushant. (2023). Long-term organic amendment application improves soil fertility status, nutrient accumulation and crop productivity under rice-wheat cropping system. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 54(18), 2579–2589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2023.2227240

Sarangi, D., Majhi, P., Mishra, P., Choudhury, S., Giri, P., Phonglosa, A., & Sen, J. (2025). Effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity and profitability of Betel Vine (Piper betle L.) in the coastal region of Odisha. Asian Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 11(4), 32–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajsspn/2025/v11i4578

Sethi, B. K., Rout, J. R., Das, R., Nanda, P. K., & Sahoo, S. L. (2013). Lipase production by Aspergillus terreus using mustard seed oil cake as a carbon source. Annals of Microbiology, 63(1), 241–252. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13213-012-0467-y

Shen, Y., Ma, Z., Chen, H., Lin, H., Li, G., Li, M., Tan, D., Gao, W., Jiao, S., Liu, P., Song, X., & Chang, S. (2023). Effects of macromolecular organic acids on reducing inorganic phosphorus fixation in soil. Heliyon, 9(4), e14892. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14892

Singh, T. B., Ali, A., Prasad, M., Yadav, A., Shrivastav, P., Goyal, D., & Dantu, P. K. (2020). Role of organic fertilizers in improving soil fertility. In Contaminants in Agriculture (pp. 61–77). Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41552-5_3

Sow, S., Kumar, N., Rana, L., Singh, A. K., Kumar, V., Singh, H., Kavita, & Kumar, S. (2025). Suitable planting material with integrated nutrient management can enhance productivity, nutrient use efficiency and profitability of sugarcane. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 25(2), 3652–3675. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-025-02358-3

Sravanthi, D., Neelima, P., Shireesha, K., Manasa, K., Swathi, Y., Ramesh, R., Naganjali, K., & Kumar, J. H. (2025). Integrated Nutrient Management (INM): Concept, utility and importance in sustainable agriculture. International Journal of Research in Agronomy, 8(12S), 431–437. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33545/2618060X.2025.v8.i12Sf.4458

Tarmale, V. A., Wankhede, S., Sen, A. K., & Uppalwar, S. V. (2024). Pharmacological properties, and traditional applications of betel leaf (Piper betle L.). Journal of Pharma Insights and Research, 2(6), 131–141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.69613/hanf0a52

Uddin, S., Islam, M. R., Jahangir, M. M. R., Rahman, M. M., Hassan, S., Hassan, M. M., Abo-Shosha, A. A., Ahmed, A. F., & Rahman, M. M. (2021b). Nitrogen release in soils amended with different organic and inorganic fertilizers under contrasting moisture regimes: A laboratory incubation study. Agronomy, 11(11), 2163. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112163

Uddin, S., Nitu, T. T., Milu, U. M., Nasreen, S. S., Hossenuzzaman, M., Haque, M. E., Hossain, B., Jahiruddin, M., Bell, R. W., Müller, C., & Jahangir, M. M. R. (2021a). Ammonia fluxes and emission factors under an intensively managed wetland rice ecosystem. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 23(1), 132–143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00374C

Upoma, R. H., Mazumder, M. S. J., Monshi, M. H., Mouri, M. H., & Alam, M. (2024). Determinants of productivity and problems associated with betel leaf cultivation in Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Tropical Agricultural Research and Extension, 27(1), 26–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/tare.v27i1.5689

van Meeteren, M. J. M., Tietema, A., van Loon, E. E., & Verstraten, J. M. (2008). Microbial dynamics and litter decomposition under a changed climate in a Dutch heathland. Applied Soil Ecology, 38(2), 119–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.09.006

Walia, S. S., Dhaliwal, S. S., Gill, R. S., Kaur, T., Kaur, K., Randhawa, M. K., Obročník, O., Bárek, V., Brestic, M., Gaber, A., & Hossain, A. (2024). Improvement of soil health and nutrient transformations under balanced fertilization with integrated nutrient management in a rice-wheat system in Indo-Gangetic Plains – A 34-year Research outcomes. Heliyon, 10(4), e25113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25113

Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). Estimation of soil organic carbon by the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29–38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003

Wei, Z., Hoffland, E., Zhuang, M., Hellegers, P., & Cui, Z. (2021). Organic inputs to reduce nitrogen export via leaching and runoff: A global meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution, 291, 118176. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118176

Williams, C. H., & Steinbergs, A. (1959). Soil sulphur fractions as chemical indices of available sulphur in some Australian soils. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(3), 340–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9590340

Yuan, Y., Zhu, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, M., Qu, Z., Lv, D., Liu, Y., Song, Y., Wang, T., Li, C., & Feng, H. (2025). Soil pH and nutrient stoichiometry as key drivers of phosphorus availability in crop rotation systems. Agronomy, 15(5), 1023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051023