Linking economy, agro-food land use, and groundwater management to greenhouse gas emissions in Bangladesh
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63697/jeshs.2026.10085Keywords:
Climate change, Energy-food-water nexus, Greenhouse gas emission, Sustainability, Policy and frameworkAbstract
The agricultural sector in Bangladesh is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, driven by intensive crop production, irrigation-dependent groundwater extraction, and associated energy use. At the same time, high-input agriculture remains essential for food security and economic growth, creating a critical sustainability challenge. This study provides an integrated overview linking Bangladesh’s economic context, agri-food land use, and groundwater management to GHG emissions. Based on a synthesis of peer-reviewed literature, national statistics, and international datasets, the review examined how dry-season irrigation—largely dependent on diesel and electricity-powered groundwater pumping—drives energy demand and emissions. The analysis highlights the influence of climatic variability and geographic conditions on emission patterns, with methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2) identified as the dominant gases from agricultural activities. The review further evaluates mitigation options, including alternate wetting and drying (AWD), surface water use, solar irrigation, prilled urea utilization (PU), urea deep placement (UDP), integrated plant nutrient system (IPNS), and anaerobic digestion. Existing policy frameworks and groundwater management practices are also assessed. The findings underscore the need to better integrate groundwater management with low-carbon agricultural practices to reduce emissions while sustaining productivity under climate change in Bangladesh.
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